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Balik Nama Tanah Berdasarkan Wasiat / Hibah Wasiat

Balik Nama Tanah Berdasarkan Wasiat / Hibah Wasiat

Prosedur, Peran Pelaksana Wasiat, dan Kepatuhan Formal di Kantor Pertanahan

1. Pendahuluan

Dalam praktik kenotariatan dan pertanahan, sering muncul pertanyaan: “Bisakah tanah diwariskan melalui wasiat dan langsung dibalik nama?” Jawabannya adalah tidak secara otomatis. Surat wasiat yang berisi hibah tanah harus ditindaklanjuti dengan perbuatan hukum formal agar dapat dijadikan dasar balik nama di Kantor Pertanahan.

2. Peran Pelaksana Wasiat

Setiap hibah wasiat harus dilaksanakan oleh pelaksana wasiat, yang bertindak selaku pemberi hibah. Peran ini sangat krusial karena pelaksana wasiat adalah wakil sah pewaris dalam menerapkan isi wasiat.

2.1 Jika Pelaksana Wasiat Meninggal Lebih Dulu

  • Seluruh ahli waris secara hukum (ab intestato) akan mengambil alih peran pelaksana wasiat;
  • Tujuannya untuk memastikan bahwa keinginan pewaris tetap dijalankan dan hak penerima hibah terlindungi secara hukum.

2.2 Jika Ada Penolakan dari Pemberi Hibah

Penerima hibah dapat mengajukan permohonan ke Pengadilan untuk mendapatkan penetapan pelaksanaan hibah wasiat sesuai Pasal 112 PMNA/KBPN No. 3/1997.

3. Persyaratan Balik Nama Tanah

3.1 Jika Hak Atas Tanah Sudah Tercatat

  • Sertifikat asli atas nama pewaris;
  • Surat kematian pewaris dari pejabat berwenang;
  • Bukti legalisasi hibah wasiat, berupa putusan pengadilan, akta PPAT pelaksana wasiat, atau akta pembagian waris;
  • Surat kuasa bila permohonan dilakukan oleh pihak lain;
  • Identitas penerima hibah;
  • Bukti pembayaran BPHTB;
  • Bukti pembayaran PPh jika terutang.

3.2 Jika Hak Atas Tanah Belum Tercatat

Pendaftaran dilakukan kepada para ahli waris dan penerima hibah wasiat secara bersama-sama sebagai harta bersama. Setelah proses formal selesai, sertifikat baru diterbitkan atas nama penerima hibah atau gabungan ahli waris.

4. Status Hukum dan Akibat Balik Nama

4.1 Balik Nama Hanya Sah Jika Prosedur Formal Dilaksanakan

  • Surat wasiat tidak otomatis mengalihkan hak atas tanah;
  • Tanah tetap tercatat atas nama pewaris sampai Akta Hibah Wasiat dibuat oleh PPAT dan dokumen lengkap tersedia.

4.2 Perlindungan Hukum bagi Penerima Hibah

Setelah balik nama resmi, penerima hibah memiliki hak penuh atas tanah, termasuk hak jual beli, jaminan, dan waris selanjutnya. Hak ini dilindungi hukum dan dapat ditegakkan melalui jalur perdata jika ada sengketa.

4.3 Risiko Jika Persyaratan Tidak Dipenuhi

  • Jika Akta Hibah Wasiat tidak dibuat atau dokumen tidak lengkap, balik nama tidak sah;
  • Tanah tetap tercatat atas nama pewaris;
  • Penerima hibah tidak memiliki hak legal penuh untuk melakukan transaksi atau klaim.

5. Alur Naratif Pelaksanaan Balik Nama dari Wasiat

  1. Pewaris membuat surat wasiat berisi hibah tanah.
  2. Pelaksana wasiat bertindak sebagai pemberi hibah, atau jika meninggal → ahli waris bertindak bersama.
  3. Pelaksana wasiat atau ahli waris mengajukan permohonan ke PPAT untuk membuat Akta Hibah Wasiat.
  4. PPAT memeriksa keabsahan sertifikat, bukti kepemilikan, izin pemindahan hak, dan bukti pelunasan BPHTB dan PPh.
  5. Setelah akta diterbitkan, PPAT menyampaikan dokumen ke Kantor Pertanahan untuk pendaftaran.
  6. Penerima hibah menerima sertifikat atas namanya → hak legal sah dan dapat dieksekusi.

6. Kesimpulan Naratif

  • Surat wasiat tidak otomatis menjadi dasar balik nama, harus diteruskan dengan Akta Hibah Wasiat oleh PPAT.
  • Pelaksana wasiat atau ahli waris bertindak sebagai pemberi hibah untuk memastikan hak penerima terlindungi.
  • Balik nama hanya sah jika seluruh persyaratan formal dan administrasi terpenuhi, termasuk sertifikat asli, surat kematian, akta PPAT, surat kuasa, identitas, BPHTB, PPh.
  • Dengan prosedur lengkap, penerima hibah mendapatkan hak legal penuh atas tanah, dan hak ini dilindungi hukum.

Lanjutkan Membaca

Artikel ini merupakan bagian dari ADIABEL – Reading Room, ruang reflektif tentang hukum pertanahan dan praktik kenotariatan.

1. Introduction

In notarial and land law practice, the question often arises: “Can land be inherited through a will and immediately registered under the heir’s name?” The answer is not automatically. A will containing a land bequest must be followed by a formal legal act to be used as a basis for land title transfer at the Land Office.

2. Role of the Executor of the Will

Each testamentary bequest must be executed by the executor of the will, acting as the legal representative of the testator in implementing the will’s provisions.

2.1 If the Executor Passes Away

  • All heirs (ab intestato) take over the role of executor;
  • Ensuring the testator’s wishes are fulfilled and the beneficiary’s rights are legally protected.

2.2 If There is Objection from the Donor

The beneficiary may submit a request to the Court for determination of the will’s execution, in accordance with Article 112 PMNA/KBPN No. 3/1997.

3. Requirements for Land Title Transfer

3.1 If the Land Rights are Already Registered

  • Original certificate in the name of the testator;
  • Death certificate of the testator from competent authority;
  • Proof of legalization of the testamentary bequest, such as court decision, PPAT deed of executor, or inheritance division deed;
  • Power of attorney if application is made by another party;
  • Beneficiary’s identity;
  • Proof of BPHTB payment;
  • Proof of income tax payment if applicable.

3.2 If the Land Rights Are Not Yet Registered

Registration is carried out by all heirs and beneficiaries jointly as communal property. After the formal process, a new certificate is issued in the name of the beneficiary or combined heirs.

4. Legal Status and Consequences of Title Transfer

4.1 Title Transfer Only Valid If Formal Procedure Executed

  • A will does not automatically transfer land rights;
  • Land remains registered under the testator’s name until a Testamentary Land Grant Deed is made by PPAT and all supporting documents are complete.

4.2 Legal Protection for Beneficiaries

After formal registration, the beneficiary has full legal rights over the land, including rights to sell, pledge, or inherit. These rights are legally protected and enforceable through civil action in case of dispute.

4.3 Risks If Requirements Not Met

  • If the Testamentary Land Grant Deed is not made or documents are incomplete, title transfer is invalid;
  • Land remains under the testator’s name;
  • The beneficiary does not have full legal rights to conduct transactions or claims.

5. Narrative Flow of Land Title Transfer from a Will

  1. The testator makes a will containing a land bequest.
  2. The executor acts as the grantor, or if deceased → heirs act jointly.
  3. The executor or heirs submit application to PPAT to make the Testamentary Land Grant Deed.
  4. PPAT checks certificate validity, ownership proof, transfer permissions, and BPHTB/PPh payment.
  5. After the deed is issued, PPAT submits documents to Land Office for registration.
  6. The beneficiary receives the certificate under their name → legal rights are valid and enforceable.

6. Narrative Conclusion

  • A will does not automatically serve as the basis for title transfer; it must be followed by a Testamentary Land Grant Deed by PPAT.
  • The executor or heirs act as grantors to ensure the beneficiary’s rights are protected.
  • Title transfer is only valid if all formal and administrative requirements are met, including original certificate, death certificate, PPAT deed, power of attorney, identity, BPHTB, and PPh.
  • With complete procedures, the beneficiary obtains full legal rights over the land, which are legally protected.

Continue Reading

This article is part of ADIABEL – Reading Room, a reflective space on land law and notarial practice.

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