Cessie dan Akibat Hukumnya terhadap Hak Tanggungan dalam Kepailitan

Telaah Pengalihan Piutang, Hak Jaminan, dan Kedudukan Kreditor dalam Kepailitan

Istilah cessie berasal dari kata Latin 'cedere' atau 'credere' yang berarti menyerahkan atau melepaskan hak. Dalam hukum Indonesia, cessie dikenal sebagai cara pengalihan atau penyerahan piutang atas nama dari kreditor lama (cedent) kepada kreditor baru (cessionaris). Walaupun istilah cessie tidak disebut secara eksplisit dalam peraturan, konsepnya diatur dalam Pasal 613 KUHPerdata.

Pasal 613 KUHPerdata menyebutkan bahwa penyerahan piutang atas nama dilakukan dengan akta otentik atau di bawah tangan. Menurut Subekti, cessie tidak menghapus hubungan utang-piutang, melainkan memindahkan posisi hukum kreditor lama kepada kreditor baru sepanjang dilakukan dengan akta dan diberitahukan kepada debitur.

3. Unsur dan Syarat Sahnya Cessie

Agar cessie sah dan memiliki akibat hukum terhadap debitur, diperlukan:

1. Adanya akta pengalihan piutang (otentik atau di bawah tangan);
2. Pemberitahuan kepada debitur atau persetujuan tertulisnya;
3. Objek yang dialihkan harus merupakan piutang atas nama.

Sebelum pemberitahuan dilakukan, cessie hanya menimbulkan akibat hukum antara kreditor lama dan kreditor baru, belum terhadap debitur.

4. Hubungan Cessie dengan Hak Tanggungan

Hak tanggungan adalah jaminan kebendaan atas tanah untuk pelunasan utang tertentu. Menurut Pasal 16 ayat (1) UU No. 4 Tahun 1996 tentang Hak Tanggungan:

"Jika piutang yang dijamin dengan hak tanggungan beralih karena cessie, subrogasi, pewarisan, atau sebab-sebab lain, maka hak tanggungan tersebut ikut beralih karena hukum kepada kreditor yang baru."

Namun, peralihan hak tanggungan hanya efektif terhadap pihak ketiga setelah didaftarkan di Kantor Pertanahan. Cessie tanpa pendaftaran tidak memindahkan hak preferen, hanya memindahkan hak tagih secara obligatoir.

5. Cessie dalam Proses Kepailitan

Dalam UU No. 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan dan PKPU, seluruh kekayaan debitur pailit masuk ke dalam sita umum dan dikelola oleh kurator di bawah pengawasan hakim pengawas.

Kurator wajib melakukan pencatatan harta pailit dan menyusun daftar piutang sesuai Pasal 102 UU KPKPU.

Kurator harus menilai keabsahan cessie dan menentukan sifat tagihan kreditor:

1. Jika cessie telah didaftarkan di BPN, kreditor baru berstatus sebagai kreditor separatis.
2. Jika cessie belum didaftarkan di BPN, kreditor baru hanya berstatus sebagai kreditor konkuren.

6. Implikasi Praktis dan Prinsip Keadilan

Kurator harus memastikan validitas cessie melalui dua tahap: pemeriksaan formal (akta & pemberitahuan) dan pemeriksaan substantif (pendaftaran hak tanggungan di BPN). Langkah ini penting agar tidak terjadi ketimpangan antar kreditor sesuai asas keadilan (equitable treatment) dalam hukum kepailitan.

Penentuan status piutang juga berimplikasi pada hak suara dalam rapat kreditor untuk rencana perdamaian sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 151–152 UU KPKPU.

7. Kesimpulan

1. Cessie adalah pengalihan piutang atas nama melalui akta yang diberitahukan kepada debitur.
2. Dalam konteks hak tanggungan, cessie menyebabkan beralihnya hak jaminan secara hukum.
3. Dalam kepailitan, kreditor penerima cessie berstatus separatis jika pendaftaran telah dilakukan.
4. Tanpa pendaftaran, kreditor hanya berkedudukan sebagai kreditor konkuren.
5. Kurator wajib menjaga asas keadilan dalam penentuan sifat tagihan.

8. Dasar Hukum dan Referensi

Peraturan Perundang-undangan:

• KUHPerdata Pasal 613
• UU No. 4 Tahun 1996 tentang Hak Tanggungan
• UU No. 37 Tahun 2004 tentang Kepailitan dan PKPU

Referensi Akademik:

• Subekti, Hukum Perjanjian, Intermasa, 1998.
• J. Satrio, Cessie, Subrogatie, Novatie, Kompensatie & Percampuran Hutang, Alumni, 1999.
• Soeharnoko & Endah Hartati, Doktrin Subrogasi, Novasi dan Cessie, Kencana, 2008.
• Akhmad Budi Cahyono, Cessie sebagai Bentuk Pengalihan Piutang atas Nama, Lex Jurnalica Vol. 2 No. 1, 2004.

Lanjutkan Membaca

Artikel ini merupakan bagian dari ADIABEL – Reading Room, yang mengulas kepailitan, hak jaminan, dan perlindungan kreditor berdasarkan hukum positif Indonesia.

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The term cessie is derived from the Latin words “cedere” or “credere,” meaning to transfer or relinquish a right. Under Indonesian law, cessie refers to the transfer or assignment of a nominative receivable from the original creditor (cedent) to a new creditor (cessionary). Although the term cessie is not expressly mentioned in statutory provisions, its concept is regulated under Article 613 of the Indonesian Civil Code.

Article 613 of the Civil Code provides that the transfer of a nominative receivable shall be effected by an authentic deed or a private deed. According to Subekti, cessie does not extinguish the underlying debt relationship, but merely transfers the legal position of the original creditor to the new creditor, provided that such transfer is made by deed and notified to the debtor.

3. Elements and Validity Requirements of Cessie

For a cessie to be valid and produce legal effects against the debtor, the following requirements must be satisfied:

1. The existence of a deed of assignment of receivables;
2. Notification to the debtor or the debtor’s written consent;
3. The object transferred must constitute a nominative receivable.

Prior to notification, the cessie only gives rise to legal effects between the original creditor and the new creditor, and not yet against the debtor.

4. Relationship between Cessie and Mortgage Rights (Hak Tanggungan)

A mortgage right (hak tanggungan) is a proprietary security right over land securing the repayment of a specific debt. Article 16 paragraph (1) of Law No. 4 of 1996 on Mortgage Rights stipulates:

“If a receivable secured by a mortgage right is transferred by way of cessie, subrogation, inheritance, or other causes, such mortgage right shall by operation of law be transferred to the new creditor.”

However, the transfer of the mortgage right is only effective against third parties after registration at the Land Office. A cessie without registration does not transfer preferential rights, but merely transfers the claim in an obligatoir sense.

5. Cessie in Bankruptcy Proceedings

Under Law No. 37 of 2004 on Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations, all assets of a bankrupt debtor form part of the bankruptcy estate and are managed by the curator under the supervision of the supervisory judge.

The curator is obliged to record the bankruptcy assets and compile a list of claims in accordance with Article 102 of the Bankruptcy Law.

The curator must assess the validity of the cessie and determine the status of the creditor’s claim:

1. If the cessie has been registered at the Land Office, the new creditor holds the status of a secured (separatist) creditor.
2. If the cessie has not been registered, the new creditor is only recognized as an unsecured (concurrent) creditor.

6. Practical Implications and the Principle of Justice

The curator must verify the validity of the cessie through both formal examination (deed and notification) and substantive examination (registration of the mortgage right). This is essential to prevent inequality among creditors and to uphold the principle of equitable treatment in bankruptcy law.

The determination of the status of claims also affects voting rights in creditors’ meetings for a composition plan, as regulated under Articles 151–152 of the Bankruptcy Law.

7. Conclusion

1. Cessie constitutes the transfer of a nominative receivable by deed with notification to the debtor.
2. In the context of mortgage rights, cessie results in the transfer of the security right by operation of law.
3. In bankruptcy, a cessionary creditor is recognized as a secured creditor if registration has been completed.
4. Without registration, the cessionary creditor only holds the status of an unsecured creditor.
5. The curator bears the obligation to ensure fairness in determining the nature of claims.

8. Legal Basis and References

Statutory Provisions:

• Article 613 of the Indonesian Civil Code
• Law No. 4 of 1996 on Mortgage Rights
• Law No. 37 of 2004 on Bankruptcy and PKPU

Academic References:

• Subekti, Law of Contracts, Intermasa, 1998.
• J. Satrio, Cessie, Subrogation, Novation, Compensation & Merger of Debts, Alumni, 1999.
• Soeharnoko & Endah Hartati, Doctrine of Subrogation, Novation and Cessie, Kencana, 2008.
• Akhmad Budi Cahyono, Cessie as a Form of Assignment of Nominative Receivables, Lex Jurnalica Vol. 2 No. 1, 2004.

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