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Pengalihan Hak Piutang dan Hak atas Tanah: Perspektif Kenotariatan dan Hukum Perdata

Pengalihan Hak Piutang dan Hak atas Tanah: Perspektif Kenotariatan dan Hukum Perdata

Analisa Hukum: Cessie vs AJB / Balik Nama Sertifikat

1. Pengertian dan Sifat Cessie

1.1 Definisi Hukum

Cessie adalah pengalihan hak menagih piutang atas nama dari seorang kreditur (X) ke pihak ketiga (Z), diatur dalam Pasal 613 KUHPerdata.

Merupakan perjanjian real (real overeenkomst), artinya sah secara hukum jika piutang benar-benar diserahkan dan pengalihan hak menagih terjadi saat debitur (Y) mengetahui dan mengakui pengalihan tersebut.

1.2 Sifat Perjanjian

Cessie bersifat accesoir, keberlakuannya tergantung pada perjanjian pokok (misalnya perjanjian kredit atau utang-piutang). Memberikan hak preferensi (Hak Preferensi), mirip jaminan, tetapi hanya terkait piutang, bukan benda tetap atau hak atas tanah. Piutang harus berada dalam kekuasaan nyata pihak penerima (inbezitstelling).

2. Mekanisme Hukum Cessie

Antara kreditur lama (X) dan kreditur baru (Z), X menjual atau mengalihkan hak menagih piutang. Z memperoleh hak menagih sesuai nilai nominal piutang. Debitur (Y) masih terikat utang pokok kepada Z setelah pengakuan cessie, dan harus diberi kepastian kepada siapa harus membayar.

Bukti dan formalitas dilakukan melalui akta otentik atau di bawah tangan, disertai surat-surat piutang dan endosmen. Hak dan kewajiban cessionaries meliputi hak retensi jika debitur wanprestasi, tidak dapat membagi-bagi hak piutang, dan dapat menjadi agunan tambahan bersama gadai, fidusia, atau hipotik.

3. Cessie vs AJB (Akta Jual Beli) Hak atas Tanah

3.1 Dasar Hukum AJB

AJB dibuat oleh PPAT yang berwenang menurut PP No. 24 Tahun 1997, PP No. 37 Tahun 1998, dan PMNA No. 3/1997 & PMNA No. 8/2012.

3.2 Syarat Formil AJB

  • Pemeriksaan Kantor Pertanahan: kecocokan sertifikat dan daftar di Kantor Pertanahan.
  • Izin Pemindahan Hak: harus diperoleh jika ada pembatasan.
  • Bukti Pajak: bukti pelunasan BPHTB.
  • Kehadiran Pihak / Kuasa: wajib hadir atau menggunakan surat kuasa tertulis.
  • Saksi: minimal dua saksi.
  • Pembacaan & Penjelasan Akta: PPAT wajib menjelaskan isi dan maksud akta.
  • Pemberitahuan Kantor Pertanahan: selambat-lambatnya 7 hari kerja.

3.3 Perbedaan Esensial

Aspek Cessie AJB / Balik Nama Sertifikat
Objek Piutang atas nama (benda bergerak) Hak atas tanah / sertifikat (benda tetap)
Tujuan Pengalihan hak menagih piutang Pengalihan hak kebendaan tanah
Formalitas Akta atau perjanjian real, endosmen AJB oleh PPAT, sertifikat asli, bukti pajak, izin BPN
Efek terhadap pihak ketiga Mengikat debitur setelah pemberitahuan Mengikat publik setelah pendaftaran di BPN
Dapat digunakan sebagai dasar balik nama ❌ Tidak ✅ Ya, jika memenuhi syarat PPAT/BPN

4. Fungsi Praktis Cessie

Memberikan hak preferensi pada kreditur baru, dapat digunakan sebagai jaminan tambahan dalam struktur pembiayaan, dan memberikan kepastian bahwa debitur tidak dapat membayar kreditur lama tanpa sah.

5. Contoh Ilustratif

Kreditur X memiliki piutang terhadap Debitur Y. X menjual hak menagih piutang ke Z (cessionaries). Tanpa persetujuan Y, Z perlu memastikan Y mengetahui dan mengakui pengalihan piutang. Cessie mengalihkan hak menagih, tetapi AJB tanah tetap dilakukan oleh PPAT sesuai prosedur resmi.

6. Kesimpulan Hukum Detail

  • Cessie hanya mengalihkan hak menagih piutang, bukan hak atas tanah.
  • AJB dan balik nama sertifikat hanya sah jika dilakukan melalui PPAT dan BPN sesuai ketentuan formil.
  • Cessie dapat digunakan sebagai jaminan tambahan atau hak preferensi, tetapi tidak menggantikan akta jual beli dan balik nama.
  • Debitur harus diberitahu dan mengakui pengalihan piutang agar hak Z sah dan terlindungi dari pembayaran ganda kepada X.
  • Hak cessionaries tidak dapat dibagi-bagi dan tetap tergantung pada perjanjian pokok serta prosedur formal inbezitstelling.

Lanjutkan Membaca

Artikel ini merupakan bagian dari ADIABEL – Reading Room, ruang reflektif tentang hukum perdata dan transaksi kredit.

1. Definition and Nature of Cessie

1.1 Legal Definition

Cessie is the transfer of the right to collect a debt in the name of a creditor (X) to a third party (Z), regulated in Article 613 of the Civil Code (KUHPerdata).

It is a real agreement (real overeenkomst), meaning it is legally valid if the debt is truly transferred and the transfer occurs when the debtor (Y) is notified and acknowledges the transfer.

1.2 Nature of the Agreement

Cessie is accessory (accessoir), its validity depends on the principal agreement (e.g., credit agreement). It grants preference rights similar to collateral but only for debts, not for real property. The debt must be in the actual possession of the cessionary (inbezitstelling).

2. Legal Mechanism of Cessie

Between the original creditor (X) and the new creditor (Z), X transfers the right to collect the debt. Z obtains the right to collect according to the nominal value of the debt. The debtor (Y) remains bound to the new creditor, and must be notified about whom to pay.

Evidence and formalities are conducted through an authentic deed or private agreement, accompanied by debt documents and endorsements. Cessionaries have retention rights in case of debtor default, cannot divide the debt right, and can be additional collateral together with pledge, fiduciary, or mortgage.

3. Cessie vs AJB (Deed of Sale) of Land Rights

3.1 Legal Basis of AJB

AJB is made by an authorized PPAT according to PP No. 24/1997, PP No. 37/1998, and PMNA No. 3/1997 & PMNA No. 8/2012.

3.2 Formal Requirements of AJB

  • Land Office verification: certificate and register alignment.
  • Permission for transfer: must be obtained if any restriction exists.
  • Tax evidence: proof of BPHTB payment.
  • Attendance of parties / power of attorney: mandatory or use written proxy.
  • Witnesses: minimum two.
  • Reading & explanation of the deed: PPAT must explain content and purpose.
  • Notification to Land Office: within 7 working days.

3.3 Essential Differences

Aspect Cessie AJB / Certificate Transfer
Object Debt claim (movable property) Land right / certificate (immovable property)
Purpose Transfer of debt collection rights Transfer of land ownership
Formality Deed or real agreement, endorsements AJB by PPAT, original certificate, tax proof, BPN permission
Effect on third parties Binding to debtor after notification Binding to public after registration at Land Office
Can be used as basis for certificate transfer ❌ No ✅ Yes, if requirements fulfilled

4. Practical Function of Cessie

Provides preference rights to new creditor, can be used as additional collateral in financing structure, and ensures debtor cannot pay the old creditor without validity.

5. Illustrative Example

Creditor X has a receivable from Debtor Y. X sells the right to collect debt to Z (cessionaries). Without Y's consent, Z must ensure Y acknowledges the transfer. Cessie transfers debt collection rights, but land AJB must still be executed by PPAT according to official procedure.

6. Detailed Legal Conclusion

  • Cessie only transfers debt collection rights, not land rights.
  • AJB and certificate transfer are only valid if executed via PPAT and Land Office following formal requirements.
  • Cessie may be used as additional guarantee or preference right, but does not replace the deed of sale and certificate transfer.
  • Debtor must be notified and acknowledge the transfer for Z's rights to be valid and protected from double payment to X.
  • Cessionaries' rights cannot be divided and remain subject to the principal agreement and formal procedure inbezitstelling.

Continue Reading

This article is part of ADIABEL – Reading Room, a reflective space on civil law and credit transactions.

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